Educational Psychology & Pedagogy
- Learning is :-
(a) A change in behaviour
(b) The result of experience
(c) Relatively permanent
(d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
Explanation: Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. - Learning is a…………in behaviour for better or worse.
(a) Change
(b) Creation
(c) Innovation
(d) Desire.
Answer: (a) Change
Explanation: Learning is fundamentally defined as a change in behavior resulting from experience. - Learning is that behavior modification which is not ensured by:
(a) Feedback
(b) Motivation
(c) Maturation
(d) Guidance
Answer: (c) Maturation
Explanation: Changes in behavior due to biological maturation are not considered learning. - सीखना ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जोकि- (Learning is a process which-)
(a) कक्षा के कमरे तक सीमित है (is limited to the classroom)
(b) कक्षा के कमरे और परिवार तक सीमित है (is limited to the classroom and family)
(c) प्रत्येक स्थान और प्रत्येक समय होती है (happens at every place and every time)
(d) केवल विशिष्ट संस्थाओं में होती है (happens only in special institutions)
Answer: (c) प्रत्येक स्थान और प्रत्येक समय होती है (happens at every place and every time)
Explanation: Learning is a continuous, lifelong process that occurs in all places and at all times. - The theory of learning by ‘Trial and Error’ is associated with.
(a) Thurstone
(b) Freud
(c) Thorndike
(d) Hull
Answer: (c) Thorndike
Explanation: Edward L. Thorndike is credited with the ‘Trial and Error’ theory of learning. - Which one of the following is connected with Thorundike’s connectionism?
(a) Reinforcement schedules
(b) Law of use and disuse
(c) Law of good continuation
(d) Principle of contiguity
Answer: (b) Law of use and disuse
Explanation: Thorndike’s theory includes the Law of Exercise, which involves the principles of use and disuse. - Pavlov’s conditioning is called by the name of:
(a) Operant conditioning
(b) Contiguous conditioning
(c) Classical conditioning
(d) Conditioning
Answer: (c) Classical conditioning
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov’s work is the foundational experiment for the theory of classical conditioning. - Internal representations of the environment are called-
(a) Cognitive processes
(b) Cognitive styles
(c) Cognitive maps
(d) Cognitive methods.
Answer: (c) Cognitive maps
Explanation: The term ‘cognitive map’ was coined by psychologist Edward Tolman to describe an organism’s mental representation of its environment. - The theory of identical elements in transfer of training was given by:
(a) Thorundike
(b) Judd
(c) Kohler
(d) Skinner
Answer: (a) Thorundike
Explanation: Edward Thorndike proposed that the transfer of learning occurs to the extent that two tasks share common elements. - Proactive inhibition means the ——– learning disturbs the ——– learning.
(a) Previous, previous
(b) Present, Previous
(c) Present, Present
(d) Previous, Present
Answer: (d) Previous, Present
Explanation: Proactive inhibition is when past learning interferes with the recall of new information. - ‘Latent learning’ means :
(a) Overt learning
(b) Hidden learning
(c) Obvious leaning
(d) Observational learning
Answer: (b) Hidden learning
Explanation: Latent learning is knowledge that is acquired but remains hidden until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. - Observant learning is very common in
(a) Plants
(b) Monkey children
(c) Human children
(d) Birds.
Answer: (c) Human children
Explanation: ‘Observational learning’ is a fundamental mechanism of development and socialization in humans. - Memory consists in remembering what has previously been-
(a) Forgotten
(b) Learnt
(c) Defined
(d) Imagined.
Answer: (b) Learnt
Explanation: Memory begins with the acquisition of information, which is the act of learning. - Impressions fade away as ___
(a) Thinking changes
(b) Ideas change
(c) Dreams pass
(d) Time passes
Answer: (d) Time passes
Explanation: This refers to the ‘Decay Theory’ of forgetting, where a memory trace fades over time if not accessed. - …………. can be caused by emotional disturbances.
(a) Forgetting
(b) Recall
(c) Reinforcement
(d) None of the above.
Answer: (a) Forgetting
Explanation: Emotional disturbances can interfere with cognitive processes, including memory, leading to forgetting. - Motivation should be followed by
(a) Reward
(b) Incentive
(c) Reproof
(d) Knowledge of result.
Answer: (b) Incentive
Explanation: Incentive theory suggests that behavior is motivated by the desire to gain external rewards or incentives. - Intrinsic motivations are:
(a) Drives
(b) Learning activity
(c) Knowledge of progress
(d) Praise and blame.
Answer: (a) Drives
Explanation: Intrinsic motivations are internal states, such as drives, that compel an individual to act. - Power motivation is expressed by:
(a) Identifying with powerful people.
(b) Gaining control over one’s body
(c) Seeking to have personal influence over other people
(d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
Explanation: Power motivation can manifest in various ways, including associating with the powerful, self-control, and influencing others. - Human motives vary in terms of :
(a) Quality
(b) Number
(c) Degree
(d) Intensity
Answer: (d) Intensity
Explanation: The strength or “intensity” of a motive is a key dimension in which human motivations differ. - Hunger, thirst and sex are-
(a) Psychological needs
(b) Social needs
(c) Esteem needs
(d) Safety needs
Answer: (a) Psychological needs
Explanation: These are primary, physiological needs essential for survival, but they are also powerful psychological drives. - Which is the oldest method of teaching?
(A) Observation method
(B) Lecture method
(C) Project method
(D) Problem-solving method
Answer: (B) Lecture method
Explanation: The lecture method is one of the most traditional and oldest forms of instruction. - The originator of ‘Project Method’ was
(A) Dewey
(B) W. H. Kilpatrick
(C) Stevenson
(D) Pestalozzi
Answer: (B) W. H. Kilpatrick
Explanation: William Heard Kilpatrick, a student of John Dewey, developed and popularized the Project Method of teaching. - In which one of the following method does the teacher start with specific examples and then comes to generalizations?
(a) Dialectic
(b) Deductive
(c) Heuristic
(d) Inductive
Answer: (d) Inductive
Explanation: The inductive method is a bottom-up approach where the teacher presents specific examples to discover a general rule. - Which one of the following is not an appropriate maxim of teaching?
(a) From unknown to known
(b) From concrete to abstract
(c) From simple to complex
(d) From direct to indirect
Answer: (a) From unknown to known
Explanation: The correct maxim of teaching is to proceed “From known to unknown,” anchoring new knowledge in existing knowledge. - The main feature of Socialised Recitation Method is
(A) Active participation of students in the class
(B) Development of democratic values
(C) Development of social skills
(D) All the above
Answer: (D) All the above
Explanation: The Socialized Recitation Method encourages active student participation, fostering democratic values and social skills. - Herbartian model of teaching can be classified in the area of :
(a) Reflective level of teaching
(b) Understanding leval of teaching
(c) Memory level of teaching
(d) All the above levels of teaching
Answer: (c) Memory level of teaching
Explanation: The Herbartian approach emphasizes the systematic presentation and retention of factual information, aligning with the memory level. - Which one of the following steps is not found in Ilerbartian plan?
(a) Evaluation,
(b) Feed-back
(c) Presentation,
(d) Preparation.
Answer: (b) Feed-back
Explanation: The classic Herbartian five-step plan does not include ‘Feed-back’ as a distinct formal step. - Which of the following has worked in the area of micro-teaching?
(a) Allen
(b) Hilda Taba
(c) Dewey
(d) Miller
Answer: (a) Allen
Explanation: Dwight W. Allen and his colleagues at Stanford University developed the micro-teaching technique. - Programmed learning is a/an…..system of instruction.
(a) Personalized
(b) Depersonalized
(c) Model
(d) Imposed
Answer: (a) Personalized
Explanation: Programmed learning is a self-paced, individualized method of instruction. - The most effective audio-visual aid is
(A) Film
(B) Charts
(C) Television
(D) Excursion to a place of historical importance
Answer: (D) Excursion to a place of historical importance
Explanation: An excursion offers a direct, first-hand, multi-sensory learning experience, making it highly effective. - श्यामपट शिक्षण में मुख्य सहायक सामग्री है, क्योंकि (The blackboard is a main teaching aid because)
(a) इसका प्रयोग पाठ के प्रत्येक स्तर पर किय जा सकता है (it can be used at every stage of the lesson)
(b) यह सरलता से उपलब्ध हो जाता है (it is easily available)
(c) इसका प्रयोग बार-बार किया जा सकता (it can be used repeatedly)
(d) यह विद्यार्थियों को आकर्षित कर लेता है (it attracts the students)
Answer: (a) इसका प्रयोग पाठ के प्रत्येक स्तर पर किय जा सकता है (it can be used at every stage of the lesson)
Explanation: The blackboard is a versatile teaching aid because it can be used at every stage of a lesson. - Didactic Apparatus in learning was recommended by:
(a) Dewey,
(b) Montessori,
(c) Froebel,
(d) Bruner.
Answer: (b) Montessori,
Explanation: Maria Montessori developed the “didactic apparatus,” self-correcting materials designed to teach a single concept. - The first step in a ‘Lesson Plan’ is
(A) Introduction
(B) Aims
(C) Presentation
(D) General objectives
Answer: (D) General objectives
Explanation: A teacher must first define the general and specific learning objectives before planning a lesson. - Who gave the theory of ‘multiple intelligence’?
(a) Sternberg
(b) Gardner
(c) Piaget
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b) Gardner
Explanation: Howard Gardner is the psychologist who developed the theory of multiple intelligences. - According to Thurstone intelligence consists of:
(a) One general ability
(b) Two abilities-general and specific
(c) Seven primary mental abilities
(d) 120 abilities
Answer: (c) Seven primary mental abilities
Explanation: Louis L. Thurstone’s theory proposed that intelligence is composed of seven distinct “primary mental abilities.” - ‘Tests of primary mental abilities (P.M.A.)’ was constructed by:
(a) Thomson
(b) Thurstone
(c) Jenson
(d) Spearman
Answer: (b) Thurstone
Explanation: Louis L. Thurstone developed the theory of Primary Mental Abilities and created tests to measure them. - The structure of intellect model proposed by Guilford postulates………… faces of intelligence.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer: (b) Three
Explanation: J.P. Guilford’s Structure of Intellect model conceptualizes intelligence along three dimensions: operations, contents, and products. - ‘Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure.’ This is a definition propased to-
(a) Widen the scope of
(b) Generalize
(c) Operationalize
(d) Discriminate
Answer: (c) Operationalize
Explanation: This statement is a classic example of an ‘operational definition’, defining a concept by how it is measured. - According to Piaget, intelligence is the ability to adapt to:
(a) Biological growth
(b) The physical and social environment
(c) Demands of the family
(d) Demands of the society
Answer: (b) The physical and social environment
Explanation: Jean Piaget’s theory defines intelligence as a basic life function that helps an organism adapt to its environment. - Who said “Personality is the sum total of the Biological innate dispositions, impulses, tendencies, aptitudes and instincts of the individual.”
(a) Morton prince
(b) Warren
(c) All port
(d) Drever
Answer: (a) Morton prince
Explanation: This definition of personality is attributed to Morton Prince. - Which one of the following is not a projective technique for personality measurement?
(a) Rorschach’s Ink Blot Test
(b) C.A.T.
(c) 14 P.F.
(d) Thematic Appereception Test
Answer: (c) 14 P.F.
Explanation: The 16PF (not 14 P.F.) Questionnaire is a self-report personality inventory, not a projective technique. - According to Rogers, in addition to the present self, there is also an/a ___________
(a) Self image
(b) Ideal self
(c) Preconscious self
(d) Unconscious self
Answer: (b) Ideal self
Explanation: Carl Rogers’ theory of personality posits a “real self” (how we are) and an “ideal self” (how we want to be). - A female archetype present in males is called—–
(a) Animus
(b) Anima
(c) Erg
(d) Sentimental
Answer: (b) Anima
Explanation: In Carl Jung’s analytical psychology, the ‘Anima’ is the archetype representing the unconscious feminine side of a man. - A male archetype present in females is called.
(a) Anima
(b) Animus
(c) Empathy (Empathy)
(d) Dynamic lattice (Lattice)
Answer: (b) Animus
Explanation: In Jungian psychology, the “Animus” is the unconscious masculine side of a woman. - During – children are faced with a problem of coping with school.
(a) Toddler hood
(b) Prosocial period
(c) Preschool period
(d) Middle childhood.
Answer: (d) Middle childhood.
Explanation: ‘Middle childhood’ (typically ages 6-11) is the stage when children enter formal schooling and face increasing challenges. - Reality is in the state of continuous flux. This concept has been highlighted by :
(a) Pragmatists
(b) Idealists
(c) Naturalists
(d) Realists
Answer: (a) Pragmatists
Explanation: The philosophical school of Pragmatism posits that reality is not static but is an ever-changing, dynamic process. - Rationality as a way of knowledge has been emphasised by:
(a) Realists
(b) Naturalists
(c) Pragmatists
(d) Idealists
Answer: (d) Idealists
Explanation: Idealism most strongly emphasizes the role of reason and ideas as the primary source of true knowledge. - Experience education has been advocated by:
(a) Plato
(b) Kant
(c) Dewey
(d) Bruner
Answer: (c) Dewey
Explanation: John Dewey is widely recognized as the primary advocate for experience-based education. - Objectives of teaching Social Studies are
(A) Development of democratic citizenship
(B) Development of critical thinking
(C) Development of international understanding
(D) All the above
Answer: (D) All the above
Explanation: Teaching Social Studies aims to cultivate democratic values, critical thinking skills, and a global perspective. - In India the most powerful factor of social change is:
(a) Ideology
(b) Caste
(c) Education
(d) Class
Answer: (c) Education
Explanation: In modern India, education has been a primary vehicle for social change, promoting modernization and social mobility. - When did the Secondary Education Commission submit its report?
(a) 1951
(b) 1952
(c) 1953
(d) 1954
Answer: (c) 1953
Explanation: The Secondary Education Commission (1952-53), also known as the Mudaliar Commission, submitted its report in June 1953. - The Review Committee for the New Education Policy submitted its report in,
(a) 1988
(b) 1990
(c) 1992
(d) 1994
Answer: (b) 1990
Explanation: The committee under Acharya Ramamurti reviewed the NPE 1986 and submitted its report in December 1990. - Which one of the following has not been recommended by the NPE (1986) in higher education?
(a) Setting up of autonomous colleges,
(b) Emphasis on research.
(c) Creation of rural universities
(d) Linking up degrees with jobs.
Answer: (d) Linking up degrees with jobs.
Explanation: The NPE 1986 proposed to delink degrees from jobs in select areas to reduce pressure on higher education. - किस शिक्षा स्तर को भारत सरकार मूल अधिकार घोषित करना चाह रही है? (Which education level is the Government of India trying to declare a fundamental right?)
(a) पूर्व-प्राथमिक शिक्षा (Pre-primary education)
(b) प्राथमिक शिक्षा (Primary education)
(c) माध्यमिक शिक्षा (Secondary education)
(d) विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा (University education)
Answer: (b) प्राथमिक शिक्षा (Primary education)
Explanation: Discussions at the time led to the Right to Education Act, making primary education a fundamental right. - Which is not the principle of evaluation?
(a) Evaluation is done for testing academic excellence alone
(b) Evaluation is done in terms of f the the growth rate of the leamer
(c) There is continuity in Evaluation
(d) Evaluation is done for measuring the total personality of the child.
Answer: (a) Evaluation is done for testing academic excellence alone
Explanation: Modern evaluation is comprehensive, measuring the total development of the child, not just academic excellence. - Essay type questions are
(A) Un-reliable
(B) Un-objective
(C) Suffer from halo-effect
(D) All the above
Answer: (D) All the above
Explanation: Essay questions are often criticized for their subjectivity, lack of reliability, and susceptibility to biases. - Which one of the following doesn’t come in the category of objective type tests?
(a) Identification type
(b) Chronology type
(c) Differentiation type
(d) Rearrangement type
Answer: (c) Differentiation type
Explanation: “Differentiation type” implies a subjective task, unlike objective tests which have clear right/wrong answers. - In an ‘Achievement Test’ we assess
(A) How much a student can learn
(B) What a student has learnt
(C) In which area a student is weak
(D) What is the aptitude of a student
Answer: (B) What a student has learnt
Explanation: An achievement test measures the knowledge and skills a student has acquired after instruction. - Which doesn’t find place in Bloom’s Taxonomy of objectives in the cognitive domain:
(a) Analysis
(b) Comprehension
(c) Organization
(d) Evaluation.
Answer: (c) Organization
Explanation: ‘Organization’ is a level within the Affective Domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy, not the Cognitive Domain. - When the frequencies are concentrated at the end-points of a given distribution, the best measure of central tendency is:
(a) Mode
(b) Median
(c) Mean
(d) All the above
Answer: (a) Mode
Explanation: For a bimodal distribution, the mode is the best measure to reflect these peaks. - When mean and median are given, mode is calculated by the formula:
(a) 3 Mean-2 Median
(b) 2 Median- 3 Mean
(c) 3 Median- 2 Mean
(d) 2 Mean – 3 Median
Answer: (c) 3 Median- 2 Mean
Explanation: The empirical relationship for a moderately skewed distribution is: Mode ≈ 3 × Median − 2 × Mean. - In Flanders Interaction analysis system which cells denote area ‘F’ in the matrix?
(a) 1−3×1−3
(b) 6−7×6−7
(c) 4−5×4−5
(d) 8−9×1−3
Answer: (b) 6−7×6−7
Explanation: The cells at the intersection of rows 6-7 and columns 6-7 represent sustained direct teacher talk. - उत्तम अनुशासन की कसौटी है- (The test of good discipline is-)
(a) कुप्रबन्ध एवं शोर का अभाव (Absence of mismanagement and noise)
(b) नियमों एवं आदेशों का उचित पालन (Proper adherence to rules and orders)
(c) स्वनिर्देशन एवं उत्तरदायित्वपूर्ण व्यवहार (Self-direction and responsible behavior)
(d) उपर्युक्त सभी (All of the above)
Answer: (d) उपर्युक्त सभी (All of the above)
Explanation: Good discipline encompasses a quiet environment, adherence to rules, and self-directed, responsible behavior. - कक्षा में श्रेष्ठ अनुशासन की कसौटी क्या है? (What is the test of excellent discipline in the classroom?)
(a) शान्ति आवेष्ठित कक्षा (A classroom enveloped in peace)
(b) कक्षा शान्तिपूर्ण शिक्षण-प्रक्रिया (A peaceful teaching-learning process in the classroom)
(c) कक्षा अपेक्षित सहभागिता (Expected participation in the classroom)
(d) कक्षा में शिक्षक का आक्रामक व्यवहार (Aggressive behavior of the teacher in the classroom)
Answer: (b) कक्षा शान्तिपूर्ण शिक्षण-प्रक्रिया (A peaceful teaching-learning process in the classroom)
Explanation: The true test of excellent classroom discipline is a peaceful and orderly teaching-learning process. - एक प्रभुत्ववादी शिक्षक की कक्षा का अनुशासन होगा- (The discipline of an authoritarian teacher’s class will be-)
(a) उत्तम (Excellent)
(b) सामान्य (Normal)
(c) मात्र उसकी उपस्थिति में नियंत्रित (Controlled only in his presence)
(d) असामान्य (Abnormal)
Answer: (c) मात्र उसकी उपस्थिति में नियंत्रित (Controlled only in his presence)
Explanation: In an authoritarian teacher’s class, discipline is typically controlled only by the teacher’s presence. - सम्पूर्ण कक्षा आपके शिक्षण के घण्टों में अनुपस्थित हो जाती है। आपका सबसे अच्छा प्रयास इस समस्या को सुलझाने में क्या होगा? (The entire class becomes absent during your teaching period. What would be your best effort to solve this problem?)
(a) यह जानने की चेष्टा करना कि कक्षा को गुझरो क्या शिकायत है (To try to find out what complaint the class has)
(b) कुछ विद्यार्थियों को सजा दे देना (To punish some students)
(c) सम्पूर्ण कक्षा को सजा देना (To punish the entire class)
(d) विद्यार्थी नेताओं को चेतावनी देना (To warn the student leaders)
Answer: (a) यह जानने की चेष्टा करना कि कक्षा को गुझरो क्या शिकायत है (To try to find out what complaint the class has)
Explanation: The most constructive approach is to investigate the root cause of the students’ absence. - यदि कोई छात्र अध्यापक का कहा नहीं मानता तो तो क्या होता? (If a student does not obey the teacher, then what should be done?)
(a) उस पर जुर्माना करना चाहिए (He should be fined)
(b) उसे शारीरिक दण्ड देना चाहिए (He should be given corporal punishment)
(c) कहा न मानने का कारण जानकर उसे उचित परामर्श देना चाहिए (The reason for disobedience should be known and he should be given proper counseling)
(d) उसके व्यवहार पर ध्यान नहीं देना चाहिए (His behavior should be ignored)
Answer: (c) कहा न मानने का कारण जानकर उसे उचित परामर्श देना चाहिए (The reason for disobedience should be known and he should be given proper counseling)
Explanation: The most appropriate response is to understand the reason for disobedience and provide suitable guidance. - शिक्षक बहुधा अपनी कक्षा का सामना नहीं कर पाते, क्योंकि- (Teachers often cannot face their class because-)
(a) वे किसी बीमारी से ग्रस्त होते हैं (they suffer from some illness)
(b) उनमें प्रशिक्षण की कमी होती है (they lack training)
(c) उनमें आत्मविश्वास की कमी होती है (they lack self-confidence)
(d) वे अपने पाठ की तैयारी करके कक्षा में नहीं आते (they do not come to class prepared with their lesson)
Answer: (c) उनमें आत्मविश्वास की कमी होती है (they lack self-confidence)
Explanation: A lack of self-confidence is a significant reason why teachers may struggle to manage a classroom. - मैं शिक्षक बनना चाहता हूँ, क्योंकि- (I want to become a teacher because-)
(a) मुझमें शिक्षक बनने की रूचि है (I have an interest in becoming a teacher)
(b) मुझमें शिक्षक बनने की अभिरूचि है (I have an aptitude for becoming a teacher)
(c) मुझमें शिक्षक बनने की अभियोग्यता है (I have the qualification to become a teacher)
(d) मुझमें शिक्षक बनने की दक्षता है (I have the efficiency to become a teacher)
Answer: (a) मुझमें शिक्षक बनने की रूचि है (I have an interest in becoming a teacher)
Explanation: A genuine interest (रूचि) in teaching is the most fundamental motivation for the profession. - एक अच्छे शिक्षक को शिक्षण विधियों का ज्ञान अवश्य होना चाहिए, क्योंकि- (A good teacher must have knowledge of teaching methods because-)
(a) इससे शिक्षण अधिक प्रभावशाली हो जाता है (it makes teaching more effective)
(b) इससे शिक्षण कार्य जल्दी सम्पन्न किया जा सकता है (it allows teaching work to be completed quickly)
(c) इससे शिक्षण कार्य आसानी से किया जा सकता है (it makes teaching work easier)
(d) इससे शिक्षक को आत्मविश्वास मिलता है (it gives the teacher confidence)
Answer: (a) इससे शिक्षण अधिक प्रभावशाली हो जाता है (it makes teaching more effective)
Explanation: Knowledge of various teaching methods allows a teacher to make their instruction more effective. - According to motor theory of verbal thinking: We………… to ourselves when we think.
(a) Talk
(b) Suggest
(c) Classify information to keep
(d) Experiment
Answer: (a) Talk
Explanation: The motor theory of verbal thinking posits that thought processes involve subvocal speech. - Thinking is closely related to-
(a) Ideas
(b) Perception
(c) Language
(d) Feelings.
Answer: (c) Language
Explanation: Thinking and language are intricately linked, as language provides the structure for many thoughts. - Critical thinking is a rearrangement of concepts to………… a situation.
(a) Overcome
(b) Derive
(c) Produce
(d) Evaluate.
Answer: (d) Evaluate.
Explanation: Critical thinking involves analyzing and rearranging concepts in order to evaluate a situation. - Linguistics is the study of :
(a) Origin of languages
(b) Relationships among languages.
(c) How languages change over time
(d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
Explanation: Linguistics encompasses the study of the origin, relationships, and evolution of languages. - — refers to vocal output used for purposes of communication.
(a) Language
(b) Signals
(c) Speech
(d) Symbols.
Answer: (c) Speech
Explanation: Speech is specifically the vocal production of sound used for communication. - An important stage when a child is learning to speak is the transition from………… to babbling.
(a) Indiscriminate vocalising
(b) Word recognition
(c) Word usage
(d) Word combination.
Answer: (a) Indiscriminate vocalising
Explanation: The developmental stage before babbling is characterized by indiscriminate vocalizations. - Bruner has discussed language acquisition as a process, involving:
(a) Zone of proximal development
(b) Tuning
(c) Tutoring
(d) Transition.
Answer: (c) Tutoring
Explanation: Jerome Bruner’s theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and guided learning, or tutoring. - …………. differentiate (s) man from animals.
(a) Physical features
(b) Brain
(c) Thinking
(d) Language
Answer: (d) Language
Explanation: Complex, symbolic language is a key characteristic that distinguishes humans from other animals.